Planted History essays

Planted History papers There would be no natural history without a human setting. Californias Yosemite Valley has a natural and geographical history written in its plants and rock arrangements and a quiet history that occurred on the tails of Manifest Destiny , where the scene was just a setting for a human plot that is to a great extent barred from institutional memory today. The emotional recounting Yosemites past through both content and picture maps the American cognizance of a praised national park. By drawing from Rebecca Solnits Water, or Forgetting the Past: Yosemite National Park, The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West by John Muir, and a few period masterful translations of the zone one can infer that the glorified scene of Yosemite is made of common developments as well as social developments of the past that convey into present day. In Water, or Forgetting the Past: Yosemite National Park Rebecca Solnit endeavors to gauge the social effect of a nature save whose savage mankind's history was, and stays, ruled by omissive media. The laws that secure Yosemite National Park raise it to a status above ordinary earth. As Victorians blended their desire for view in with devotion and looked for hard for hints of a God (256) Yosemite cut an otherworldly specialty for itself and turned into a standard by which other nature could be estimated. During this time the language utilized for portraying craftsmanship, scenes and otherworldliness covered, nature implied the material and noticeable world as well as the normal condition of man rather than a condition of elegance. The recreation center was marked into reality by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. Yosemite was made at once in American history troubled with strife and closely following an aesthetic and scholarly development known as sentimentalism. Yosemite turned i nto a vehicle for American pride and energy, epitomizing not just... <!

A Study Of The Indian Food Processing Industry

A Study Of The Indian Food Processing Industry Little and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been viewed as one of the main impetuses of present day economies because of their multifaceted commitments as far as mechanical developments, work age, send out advancement, and so forth. Of these, the capacity of SMEs to advance accept noteworthiness in light of the fact that development loans serious edge to firms, enterprises and eventually, economies. In this way, mechanical advancement can possibly prod development of individual undertakings at the smaller scale level and total enterprises and economies at the full scale level. Given the abovementioned, this paper endeavors to comprehend issues, for example, what elements drive SMEs to develop, what is the idea of SME advancements, what the accomplishments of SME developments are and what the results of these accomplishments are. In general, this paper endeavors to address the inquiry: does SME advancement encourage the development of firm size? This inquiry has been examined with regards to SMEs in Sunrise Sector of our economy. This paper tests the drivers, measurements, accomplishments, and results of mechanical advancements completed by SMEs in the food handling businesses in India. The Food Industry is partitioned into sorted out and disorderly wherein the top level input is made by little and sloppy. Consequently the focal point of the investigation will be sorted out food preparing part. The exploration system is exact examination for this the confirmations will be gathered, as contextual investigations as confirmations, through optional information. Further, it discovers the development paces of imaginative SMEs in contrast with non-creative SMEs as far as deals turnover, work, and speculation. The examination will affirm that the Innovative SMEs have indicated better and supported development. Catchphrases: Technological Innovations, Sales Growth, Organized Food Processing, Agriculture. Presentation Advancement is another method of accomplishing something or new stuff that is made valuable. It might allude to gradual a rising or radical and progressive changes in speculation, items, procedures, or associations. Following Schumpeter (1934), supporters of the insightful writing on development regularly recognize creation, a thought made show, and advancement, thoughts applied effectively by and by. In numerous fields, for example, human expressions, financial matters and government arrangement, something new should be generously unique to be inventive. In financial aspects the change must build esteem, client worth, or maker esteem. The objective of advancement is sure change, to improve a person or thing. Development prompting expanded profitability is the crucial wellspring of expanding riches in an economy. The individuals who are straightforwardly liable for use of the advancement are frequently called pioneers in their field, regardless of whether they are people or associati ons. In associations An advantageous meaning of advancement from an authoritative point of view is given by Luecke and Katz (2003), who composed: Advancement . . . is commonly comprehended as the fruitful presentation of another thing or strategy . . . Advancement is the encapsulation, mix, or combination of information in unique, applicable, esteemed new items, procedures, or administrations. Advancement normally includes inventiveness, however isn't indistinguishable from it: development includes following up on the imaginative plans to have some particular and unmistakable effect in the space wherein the advancement happens. For instance, Amabile et al. (1996) propose: All advancement starts with inventive thoughts . . . We characterize advancement as the effective usage of innovative thoughts inside an association. In this view, innovativeness by people and groups is a beginning stage for development; the first is important yet not adequate condition for the second. For development to happen, something more than the age of an innovative thought or knowledge is required: the understanding must be placed without hesitation to have a certifiable effect, coming about for instance in new or adjusted business forms inside the association, or changes in the items and administrations gave. Advancement, in the same way as other business capacities, is an administration procedure that requires explicit instruments, rules, and order. Starting here of view accentuation is moved from the presentation of explicit novel and valuable plans to the general hierarchical procedures and methods for creating, considering, and following up on such bits of knowledge prompting critical authoritative enhancements as far as improved or new business items, administrations, or interior procedures. In the authoritative setting, development might be connected to execution and development through upgrades in effectiveness, efficiency, quality, serious situating, piece of the overall industry, and so on. All associations can develop, including for instance medical clinics, colleges, and neighborhood governments. While advancement regularly includes esteem, advancement may likewise have a negative or ruinous impact as new improvements clean up or change old authoritative structures and practices. Associations that don't develop successfully might be decimated by those that do. Consequently development normally includes hazard. A key test in advancement is keeping up a harmony among procedure and item developments where process developments will in general include a plan of action which may create investor fulfillment through improved efficiencies while item developments create client care anyway at the danger of expensive RD that can dissolve investor return. Advancement can be portrayed as the consequence of some measure of time and exertion into looking into a thought, in addition to some bigger measure of time and exertion into building up this thought, in addition to some enormous measure of time and exertion into commercializing this thought into a commercial center with clients. Joseph Schumpeter characterized financial advancement in The Theory of Economic Development, 1934, Harvard University Press, Boston. The presentation of another great that is unified with which customers are not yet natural or of another nature of a decent. The presentation of another strategy for creation, which need in no way, shape or form be established upon a disclosure logically new, and can likewise exist in another method of dealing with a ware monetarily. The opening of another market, that is a market into which the specific part of assembling of the nation being referred to has not recently entered, regardless of whether this market has existed previously. The triumph of another wellspring of gracefully of crude materials or half-produced products, again regardless of whether this source as of now exists or whether it has first to be made. The doing of the new association of any industry, similar to the production of an imposing business model situation (for instance through trustification) or the separating of a restraining infrastructure position Regardless of whether development is for the most part gracefully pushed (in view of new mechanical prospects) or request drove (in view of social needs and market necessities) has been a fervently discussed theme. So also, what precisely drives advancement in associations and economies stays an open inquiry. Projects of authoritative advancement are commonly firmly connected to hierarchical objectives and goals, to the field-tested strategy, and to advertise serious situating. One driver for advancement programs in organizations is to accomplish development destinations. As Davila et al. (2006) note, Companies can't develop through cost decrease and reengineering alone Innovation is the key component in giving forceful top-line development, and for expanding primary concern results (p.6) As a rule, business associations spend a lot of their turnover on development, for example, making changes to their built up items, procedures and administrations. The measure of speculation can fluctuate from as low as an a large portion of a percent of turnover for associations with a low pace of progress to anything more than 20% of turnover for associations with a high pace of progress. The normal venture over a wide range of associations is four percent. For an association with a turnover of one billion units, this would speak to a speculation of forty million units. This spending will normally be spread across different capacities including advertising, item plan, data frameworks, producing frameworks and quality affirmation. The venture may differ by industry and by showcase situating. The most recent file was distributed in March 2009. To rank the nations, the investigation estimated both development information sources and yields. Advancement inputs included government and monetary arrangement, training approach and the development condition. Yields included licenses, innovation move, and other RD results; business execution, for example, work profitability and absolute investor returns; and the effect of advancement on business relocation and monetary development. Little AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMEs) IN INDIA With the coming of arranged economy from 1951 and the ensuing mechanical strategy followed by Government of India, the two organizers and Government reserved uncommon job for little scope enterprises and medium scale businesses in the Indian economy. Due assurance was agreed to the two areas, and especially for little scope enterprises from 1951 to 1991, till the country embraced a strategy of advancement and globalization. Certain items were held for little scope units for quite a while, however this rundown of items is diminishing because of progress in mechanical arrangements and atmosphere. SMEs consistently spoke to the model of financial approaches of Government of India which accentuated prudent utilization of outside trade for import of capital merchandise and data sources; work escalated method of creation; business age; non convergence of dispersion of monetary force in the hands of not many (as on account of enormous houses); demoralizing monopolistic acts of creation and advertising; lastly powerful commitment to remote trade procuring of the country with low import-serious tasks. It was additionally combined with the arrangement of de-grouping of I

The Science Of Artificial Neural Networks Psychology Essay

The Science Of Artificial Neural Networks Psychology Essay The study of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), ordinarily alluded as Neural Networks, stills another and promising region of research. The idea of formation of neural systems exists for a long time. By the by neural systems have gotten known and have been created in worldwide levels just in the ongoing years. It is critical, researcher indicating enthusiasm for neural systems, originate from various logical regions, for example, science, medication, material science, arithmetic, building and the rundown goes on. That shows Neural Networks is another test in science. No other science today consolidates and needs direct information from such different zones. One of the primary contrasts of the Artificial Neural Networks from the natural is that while ANNs learn through preparing and experience simply like the organic ones however they adhere to various principles from normal PCs. A Neural Network is an equal information preparing framework comprised by huge number of fake neurons, sor ted out in structures comparative with the ones in human cerebrum. They work as equal figuring gadgets made by numerous profoundly interconnected straightforward processors. Fake Neurons are chiefly sorted out in layers. The first of those layers called the information layer and is utilized to embed the information. Info layers can't continue to any kind of calculation as its components don't include input loads or predisposition (limit). The axon: mean of move of neural signs from the neuron. Its length can be countless occasions the measurement of its body and it is described by high electrical obstruction and exceptionally enormous capacitance. Each neuron has just a single axon, anyway it can branch and along these lines empowering correspondence with many objective cells or different neurons. The dendrite: short profoundly expanded cell projections (fibers). Most neurons have numerous dendrites, appended on the soma and increment the surface territory. There are roughly 10^3 to 10^4 dendrites per neuron, to get data from different neurons through neurotransmitters they are secured with and transmit electrochemical incitement to the soma. The axon terminal: situated toward the finish of the axon and is answerable for transmitting signals on to different neurons. On axon terminals are appended the terminal fastens, that store the data in synaptic vesicles and emitting them in synapses. As referenced over, the association between neurons occurs through the neurotransmitters. Neural neurotransmitters are a quiet trade of data. The electrical nerve driving forces travel along neurons and transmitted by compound transmitters (synapses) in the following neuron over a small hole, the neurotransmitters and are situated between the neuron and the neighboring cell (target cell). Consequently dendrites are exceptionally near one another yet never in contact. It is evaluated that there are around 10 billion neurons in the human cortex, and 60 trillion neurotransmitters or associations (Shepherd and Koch, 1990). Various neurons and their associations structure a neural system. The whole arrangement of neural systems in the human body shapes the Central Nervous System. This framework experiences the entire human body with essential issues the mind and the spine. During lifetime, neural connections are in steady unique harmony, new are made and old are pulverized. The formation of new neural connection happens when the mind gets more encounters from the general condition, learns, perceives and gets it. On the opposite side, illnesses cause the pulverization of neurons and consequently the decimation of neurotransmitters. In contrast with different cells, neurons may not supplanted by new ones, whenever obliterated. That implies after the introduction of another individual, its neural framework is completely evolved inside the initial scarcely any months of its life. A neuron can be either dynamic or latent. At the point when it is actuated, it delivers an electric sign. This sign has force of just a couple mVolt. The manner in which those electric signs are created is truly comparative with the manner in which a capacitor works. Between the outer and inside surface of the cell of the neuron there is a powerful distinction. In spite of the fact that the mass of the human cerebrum is just the 2% of human weight, devours more than the 20% of the oxygen that goes in the creature. The vitality utilization in the cerebrum is around 20 Watt in contrast with a PC that needs much more. The computational intensity of mind is estimated by three potential methodologies: The quantity of neurotransmitters (Kandel, 1985), the computational intensity of the retina and duplicate it by their mind to-retina proportion (Moravec, 1998b), and the complete valuable vitality utilized by the cerebrum every second by the measure of vitality utilized for every fundamental activity to give the greatest activity every second (Merkle, 1989) From the three methodologies above, is reasoned that the assessed computational intensity of human mind is about 10^14 activities every second (Ng, 2009). It is intriguing to make reference to how the electric heartbeats are made to invigorate neurons. On the layer of the cell it is seemed, by all accounts, to be an electric potential distinction between its outer and inward surface simply like a capacitor. A large portion of the occasions the negative charges found in the interior surface as they cannot enter the layer and leave the cell. The layer has numerous openings that permit particles and molecules to adhere to every component from its own procedure. The endings of the channels are made sure about by entryways which coordinating the progression of those components. Proteins that demonstration like siphons power the components to go the other way from their regular and along these lines neurons expend bigger measures of vitality. In the end the fair development of the components along the outside of the film delivers an electric flow which is the comparing electrical heartbeat that animates the neuron. When the neuron has terminated it comes back to a condition of potential harmony and in this state it cannot be terminated again until it recoups. Every neuron has a particular edge or weight. At the point when electric signs arrive at that point, summarize and if their weight esteem is same or bigger than the one of the edge the neuron invigorates. On the off chance that the total of the signs is littler than the necessary estimation of the edge, at that point the neuron remains latent. Include pictures. Models of fake neurons As referenced before, ANNs are equal information handling frameworks, comprising out of enormous quantities of fake neurons, motivated by the organic neurons. A neuron is a data handling unit that is essential to the activity of a neural system (Haykin, 1999, pg-10). A neuron may have numerous information sources, an inward structure comprising out of various layers yet it generally has a solitary yield. Each and every neuron acknowledges variable info signals x0, x1, x2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦xn. This relates to the electric beats of the natural mind. Each info signal is duplicated by the synaptic loads of the neuron, wi, where i=1,2,3..n, the information hubs. The loads speak to the organic neurotransmitters and show the quality of the bond (the association) between them. The scope of estimation of a weight can be sure or negative in the event that the capacity of neurotransmitter suspend or engender (transmit) the upgrades from different neurons, dissimilar to the natural neurotransmitters that don't take negative qualities. This is on the grounds that outside predisposition, b, are applied when the loads included. Predisposition or edge, is the standard estimation of the interior potential vitality of the neuron that the aggregate of the consolidated yield must be reached all together the enactment (or crushing) capacity to be actuated. A significant component of the neuronal body is the viper .At the snake, all the info signals, affected by weight vectors are summarizing together and produce a resultant consolidated yield u. At the point when the total of weight is enormous (0 Along these lines, the item u is given by the relationship: The consequence of consolidated yield u, go through the actuation work, indicated with the letter  Ã¢â‚¬ ( ). The actuation work is a non straight capacity where the resultant joined yield u takes its last worth y. The determined enactment yield sign of the neuron is appeared as: also, where Accordingly, Initiation capacities There are a few initiation capacities, anyway three of the most essential sorts are the accompanying ðÿ™  they somewhat differ from book to book) The limit actuation work, which gives as a yield 1, if the snake produce a worth more noteworthy than the one of the edge. This is communicated as: The Piecewise-Linear capacity, where the solidarity is thought to be the enhancement factor inside the direct locale of activity (Haykin, 1999, pg:14) The Sigmoid capacity, which is communicated as: Where  Ã¢ ¡ is the slant parameter of the sigmoid capacity. This capacity is one of the most significant and most generally utilized as it gives non-linearity to the neuron. Some other initiation capacities are, the rear end work, the bipolar sigmoid capacity, and the signum work. The signum work gives a positive or negative yield, with values normally going from 1 to - 1 relying upon the estimation of the summation of the loads on the edge. This can be applied to the actuation capacities referenced above and all the more explicitly to the edge group giving: Include pictures and charts A straightforward neural system In this section, neural systems will be presented, beginning from their least complex structure. Each neural system comprises out of hundreds or thousands of minor units, the neurons. Every neuron has an information where the electric signs are gotten. A neuron may have more than one information however regardless of what number of layers of neurons and synaptic associations are in the middle of (the body), there is constantly one yield esteem. The neurons of a layer between each info and yield are not associated with one another anyway each layer is interconnected with the layer of the following and the past level. In its least complex structure, a neuron has no layers yet is restricted uniquely to an info and an

Don River in Russia - 275 Words

Don River in Russia (Essay Sample) Content: Don River in Russia Name: Institution: Don River in Russia I am Don River, one of the famous rivers found in the vast Russia. I trace my origins to the Novomoskovsk town located in the south of Moscow and my journey ends at the Azov Sea, covering a total of 1,950 kilometres in total. I traverse southeast towards Veronezh and back to my mouth in the southwest. I flow along Rostov, Don City, attracting visitors who want to flee from their busy city life for some sense of serenity and tranquility. I am fed by the streams of Seversky Donets and Khopyor, always ensuring that my brims swell. The main canals and dams that intersect at my bowels are the Volga canal, the Volga-Don canal, and the Tsimlyansk dam which usually raises my volumes. These dams and canals increases my depth and ensures that I have plenty of water in the upper and lower parts of the streams that feed me. Historical issues that is attached to Don River I act as a demacarting border dividing Europe and Asian continents, at least that is what the geographers deem my use. In the past days, Russian merchants would use my waters as their passage in conducting their trading operations. at one point I was co...

A Brief Note On Disability And Media And Its Effects On...

Tiffany Jep Professor Natalia Pamula English 201 June 11, 2015 Disability and Media The definition of media is defined as the means of communication, such as radio and television, and magazines that reach or influence people widely. Since society is mostly affected by the media this can create social barriers, for example people’s attitudes towards minority groups or disabled people. In the past people with disabilities were supposed to be confined and stay hidden because of their appearance and their abnormalities. They were treated more like objects and entertainment exhibitions rather than actual human beings. Compared to the 1800’s representations of disabilities have gradually increased in the 1990s from being in the media to magazines to newspapers; even in movies and television shows that frequently include characters with disabilities. Even though disabilities are being represented through abled-bodied actors, there is still a lack of representation from the disabled themselves. The society’s judgment and biasness for the disabled in the past was no more different than their hatred for colored people. Fortunately now for both, disabled and colored people, there have been numerous changes within society due to the management and treatment for these people. In Essig’s article, â€Å"A Media Fad for the 1990s?(People with Disabilities Becoming Media Celebrities)†, stated that in previous years disabilities were meant to be ignored and kept in closets and parents ofShow MoreRelatedPolio : An American Story1378 Words   |  6 Pageslife if not dead. Extensive media coverage of polio outbreaks led to nationwide hysteria, prompting the race for a cure. The nation rejoiced when Jonas Salk successfully developed the first effective polio vaccine in 1955. David M. Oshinky’s Polio: An American Story tells the thrilling tale behind this quest and how society coped with the outbreak. It also demonstrates that despite the publicity it received , polio was actually never actually the major epidemic that the media portrayed it to be and publicRead MoreThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pagesnatural evolution and progression. This essay will explore the various aspects to such an argument in a number of steps. Firstly, I will begin with a necessary and brief history of both First and second wave feminism as well as a general evaluation of the current gendered system. 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The Big Five Personality Traits Essay - 1076 Words

The personality trait that I chose is one of the big five personality traits known as Extraversion. Extraversion is a trait, within the factor called plasticity, which relates to individuals who are social and outgoing. More specifically, they like a lot of various stimulation, it comes of no surprise that these individuals seek out people, activities and noisy places. These individuals can seek excitement; they are impulsive, risk taking, argumentative and unreliable, while also upbeat, optimistic, warm, assertive, and like to be active. As well, extroverts tend to be viewed as more attractive and popular than introverts are, and can be seen attending more parties and drinking in excess. The individual that I will address is, Hank Moody, the main character on the T.V. show Californiacation. Hank approaches life in a satirical manner, making everything into his own little joke, making life seem less serious. Hank is seen as a popular, enthusiastic, assertive, dominant and attractive woman admirer, having a way with his words, which is related to his career as a writer. His charming and warm approach also makes him successful with so many women. Hank constantly seeks out attention and stimulating situations, whether it be fights, or making his presence known in a room. He becomes victim to mate poaching at parties, and when things finally look good for him and his ex, he gets swept up by other women and loses the momentum he builds. In the show, Hank is always friending newShow MoreRelatedThe Big Five Personality Traits867 Words   |  4 Pages Of the Big Five personality traits, I scored highest on neuroticism. I compared myself to my friend. My friend scored highest on extraversion. I scored lowest on extraversion, whereas my friend scored lowest on agreeableness. I was somewhat surprised at my results that my friend received. However, I was not surprised by my results. 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Each of these components have personality traits that are associated with them. Extraversion refers to the degree in which a person is active, energetic, talkative, and assertive. OpennessRead MoreBig five Personality Traits7561 Words   |  31 Pages------------------------------------------------- Big Five personality traits From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In  psychology, the  Big Five personality traits  are five broad domains or dimensions of  personality  that are used to describe human personality. The theory based on the Big Five factors is called the  Five Factor Model  (FFM)[1]  The Big Five factors are  openness,  conscientiousness,  extraversion,  agreeableness, and  neuroticism. The Big five has been preferably used, since it is able to measure different traits in personality withoutRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The â€Å"Big Five personality traits† is also called as the FFM or five factor model which is a model formed on general language descriptors of personality. These descriptors are formed jointly utilizing a statistical method known as factor analysis which is stated as this model is not formed on the tests/experiments†. This broadly observed hypothesis recommended 5 wide dimensions, utilized by few psychologists to explain the psyche the personality of the human. These 5 elements are explainedRead MoreEssay on The Big Five Personality Traits997 Words   |  4 PagesReaction Paper #1 The â€Å"Big Five† Personality Traits Throughout our lives, we, as humans, encounter others that we may either have an immediate connection with, must discover more about the individual to determine the relevant connection, or simply, we just cannot manage to maintain a cordial relationship. What determines whether or not we can get along with someone else is defined by an individual’s personality. A personality is an array of â€Å"psychological† characteristics that makes each personRead MoreEssay THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS1629 Words   |  7 Pages The Personality Traits of a Manager Amelia Martin MOD 310: Issues in Management Week 5 September 17, 2014 A person’s personality trait can define who they are. Some can tell these traits by the way a person reacts to certain situations, personal or on the job. A person develop traits from the way they were raised and the environment that surrounded them. Everyone carries some type of personality trait, but no one carries any that are identical. Managers have personality traits just likeRead MoreBig Five Theory Of Personality Traits955 Words   |  4 PagesAmong the many established trait theories, the most widely known and used is the Big Five Theory of Personality Traits. It is a five-factor model composed of the broad personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. There are a variety of ways to assess one’s broad dimensions of personality in these five categories. One of which is Psych Central’s personality assessment that consists of fifty questions in which there is a statement of

The Second Presentation of Bernard William †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the The Second Presentation of Bernard William. Answer: Bernard Williams's "Second Presentation" of the Adam / Brian case The second presentation of Bernard Williams case of Adam/Brain showcases his experiments and thoughts how the concept of body swapping in reality is possible. For this second thought experimentation has been made by Williams. The experiment was about personal identity. A conclusion was derived in this experiment that significant distinctions in traits of character or quasi-memories of individuals are not enough for two separate individuals. As per this theory Williams claims that people are scared to make extensions to any future pains irrespective of the transformations of psychological nature which precedes it (Bennet, 2014). Williams with the above experiment tried showing PTPI or the psychological theory of personal identity. Relations related to the psychology such as an individuals belief system, faith, memories, desires and rational thinking system helps them identify along with their own selves. As per me, the second thought experiment of Williams needs some more arguments for coming to a solid conclusion. As a part of the experiment William claims if a mad scientist explains to a person that he will be tortured the next day then it will cause fear in the person as every human wants to avoid pain. The mad scientist adds that a powerful drug will help the person remove every old memory of the torture and replace it with fresh memories. As per the experiment the person still will have fear inside (Jenkins, 2015). References Bennet, L.(2014).Implausible Worlds.Retrieved19 September, 2017,from https://implausibleworlds.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/williams-on-personal-identity-thought-experiments-in-the-self-and-the-future1/ Jenkins, M.(2015).Brain case second experiment.(2nd ed.).USA:Routledge.